Sunday 17 June 2012


india
LORD MACAULAY'S ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT, 2 FEBRUARY, 1835
"I have travelled across length and breadth or India and I have not seen one person who is beggar, who is a thief. Such wealth I have seen in this country, such high moral values, people of such caliber, that I do not think we would ever conquer this country, unless we break the very backbone of this nation, which is her spiritual and cultural heritage, and therefore, I propose that we replace her old and ancient education system, her culture, for if the Indians think that all that is foreign and English is good and greater than their own, they will lose their self-esteem, their native culture and they will become what we want them, a truly dominated nation

PROUD TO BE AN INDIAN.
Let the world know what we stand for.
There are 3.22 Million Indians in America.
38% of Doctors in America are Indians.
12% of Scientists in America are Indians.
36% of NASA employees are Indians.
34% of MICROSOFT employees are Indians.
28% of IBM employees are Indians.
17% of INTEL employees are Indians.
13% of XEROX employees are Indians.
You may know some of these facts. These
facts were recently published in a German
Magazine, which deals with
WORLD HISTORY FACTS ABOUT INDIA.
India never invaded any country in her last
100000 years of history.
India invented the Number System.
Aryabhatta invented zero.
The World's first university was established in
Takshila in 700BC.More than 10,500 students from
all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The
University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC
was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India
in the field of education.
Sanskrit is the mother of all the European
languages. Sanskrit is the most suitable language
for computer software reported in Forbes magazine,
July 1987.
Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine
known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine
consolidated Ayurveda 2500 yearsago. Today
Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful place
in our civilization.
Although modern images of India often show
poverty and lack of development, India was the
richest country on earth until the time of
British invasion in the early 17th Century.
The art of Navigation was born in the river
Sindh 6000 years ago.
The very word Navigation is derived from
the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH.
The Word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.
Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the
earth to orbit the sun hundreds ofyears before the
astronomer Smart.; Time taken by earth to orbit
the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days.
Budhayana first calculated the value of pi, and
he explained the concept of what is known as the
Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the
6th century long before the European mathematicians
Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from
India; Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the
11th century ; The largest numbers the
Greeks and the Romans
used were 10 6(10 to the power of 6) whereas
Hindus Used numbers as big as 1053 (10 to the
power of 53) with specific names as Early as 5000 BCE
during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest
used number is Tera 1012(10 to the power of 12).
According to the Gemological Institute of
America, up until 1896,India was the only source for
diamonds to the world.
USA based IEEE has proved what has been a
century-old suspicion in the worldscientifi
community that the pioneer of Wireless
communication was Prof. Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.
The earliest reservoir and dam forirrigation was
built in Saurashtra. According to Saka King
rudradaman I of 150 CE a beautiful lake
called 'Sudarshana'
was constructed on the hills of Raivataka during
Chandragupta Maurya's time.
Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India.
Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600
years ago he and health scientists of his time
conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans,
cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary
stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage
of anesthesia was well known in ancient India.
Over 125 surgical equipment were used. Deep
knowledge of anatomy, etiology, embryology, digestion,
metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found
in many texts.
When many cultures were only nomadic forest
dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians
established Harappan culture in Sindhu
Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)
The place value system, the decimal system
was developed in India in 100 BC.
QUOTES ABOUT INDIA:
Albert Einstein said: We owe a lot to the
Indians, who taught us how to count, without
which no worthwhile scientific discovery could
have been made.
Mark Twain said: India is the cradle of the
human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother
of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great
grand mother of tradition. Our most valuable and most
structive materials in the history of man are treasured
up in India only.
French scholar Romain Rolland said: If there is
one place on the face of earth where all
the dreams of living men have found a home from
the very earliest days when man began the dream
of existence, it is India.
Hu Shih, former Ambassador of China to USA said:
India conquered And dominated China culturally
for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single
soldier across her border.
All the above is just the TIP of the iceberg, the
list could be endless. BUT, if we don't see even a
glimpse of that great India in the India That we see
today, it
clearly means that we are not working up to our
Potential and that if we do, we could once
again; be an ever shining and Inspiring country
setting a bright path for rest of the world to follow.
I Hope you enjoyed it and work towards the welfare
of INDIA.


Nobel prize winner of chemistry from 1901-2011

2011
The reward was awarded to:
DANIEL SHECHTMAN for the invention of quasicrystals.

The reward was awarded jointly to:
RICHARD F. HECK, EI-ICHI NEGISHI, and AKIRA SUZUKI for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis.

The reward goes to:
VENKATRAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN, THOMAS A. STEITZ, and ADA E. YONATH for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.

The reward goes to:
OSAMU SHIMOMURA, MARTIN CHALFIE, and ROGER Y TSIEN for the invention and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.

The reward goes to:
GERHARD ERTL for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.

The reward goes to:
ROGER D. KORNBERG for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.

The reward is being awarded jointly to:
YVES CHAUVIN, ROBERT H. GRUBBS , and RICHARD R. SCHROCK for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.

The reward is being awarded jointly to:
AARON CIECHANOVER, AVRAM HERSHKO , and IRWIN ROSE for the invention of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

The reward is being awarded
for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes
with one half of the reward to:
PETER AGRE, for the invention of water channels
and the other half of the reward to:
RODERICK MACKINNON for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels.

The reward is being awarded
for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules
with one half jointly to:
JOHN B. FENN, and KOICHI TANAKA, for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules
and the other half to:
KURT WÜTHRICH for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.
2001
The reward is being awarded with one half jointly to:
WILLIAM S. KNOWLES, and RYOJI NOYORI, for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions
and the other half to:
K. BARRY SHARPLESS for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.

The reward is being awarded with one half jointly to:
ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the invention and development of conductive polymers.

AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.
The reward was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The reward was divided equally between:
WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory
and
JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.

The reward was divided, one half being awarded jointly to:
PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
and with one half to:
JENS C. SKOU for the first invention of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase.

The reward was awarded jointly to:
ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their invention of fullerenes.

The reward was awarded jointly to:
PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.

1994
GEORGE A. OLAH for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.

1993
The reward was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry equally between:
KARY B. MULLIS for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
and
MICHAEL SMITH for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.

1992
RUDOLPH A. MARCUS for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.


1991
RICHARD R. ERNST for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

1990
ELIAS JAMES COREY for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.


1989
The reward was awarded jointly to:
SIDNEY ALTMAN and THOMAS R. CECH for their invention of catalytic properties of RNA.

1988
The reward was awarded jointly to:
JOHANN DEISENHOFER , ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.

1987
The reward was awarded jointly to:
for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.

1986
The reward was awarded jointly to:
DUDLEY R. HERSCHBACH , YUAN T. LEE and JOHN C. POLANYI for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.

1985
The reward was awarded jointly to:
HERBERT A. HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.

1984
ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.

1983
HENRY TAUBE for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.

1982
SIR AARON KLUG for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes.

1981
The reward was awarded jointly to:
KENICHI FUKUI and ROALD HOFFMANN for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions.

1980
The reward was divided, one half being awarded to:
PAUL BERG for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA
and the other half jointly to:
WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.

1979
The reward was divided equally between:
HERBERT C. BROWN and GEORG WITTIG for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.

1978
PETER D. MITCHELL for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.

1977
ILYA PRIGOGINE for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.

1976
WILLIAM N.. LIPSCOMB for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding.

1975
The reward was divided equally between:
SIR JOHN WARCUP CORNFORTH for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
and
VLADIMIR PRELOG for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.

1974
PAUL J. FLORY for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.

1973
The reward was divided equally between:
ERNST OTTO FISCHER and SIR GEOFFREY WILKINSON for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.

1972
The reward was divided, one half being awarded to:
CHRISTIAN B. ANFINSEN for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation
and the other half jointly to:
STANFORD MOORE and WILLIAM H. STEIN for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.

1971
GERHARD HERZBERG for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.

1970
LUIS F. LELOIR for his invention of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.

1969
The reward was divided equally between:
SIR DEREK H. R. BARTON and ODD HASSEL for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry.

1968
LARS ONSAGER for the invention of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.

1967
The reward was divided, one half being awarded to:
and the other half jointly to:
RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH and LORD GEORGE PORTER for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.

1966
ROBERT S. MULLIKEN for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.

1965
ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis.

1964
DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.

1963
The reward was divided equally between:
KARL ZIEGLER and GIULIO NATTA for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers.

1962
The reward was divided equally between:
MAX FERDINAND PERUTZ and SIR JOHN COWDERY KENDREW for their studies of the structures of globular proteins.

1961
MELVIN CALVIN for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.

1960
WILLARD FRANK LIBBY for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science.

1959
JAROSLAV HEYROVSKY for his invention and development of the polarographic methods of analysis.

1958
FREDERICK SANGER for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin.

1957
LORD ALEXANDER R. TODD for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes.

1956
The reward was awarded jointly to:
SIR CYRIL NORMAN HINSHELWOOD and NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH SEMENOV for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions.

1955
VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.

1954
LINUS CARL PAULING for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.

1953
HERMANN STAUDINGER for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.

1952
The reward was awarded jointly to:
ARCHER JOHN PORTER MARTIN and RICHARD LAURENCE MILLINGTON SYNGE for their invention of partition chromatography.

1951
The reward was awarded jointly to:
EDWIN MATTISON MC MILLAN and GLENN THEODORE SEABORG for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements.

1950
The reward was awarded jointly to:
OTTO PAUL HERMANN DIELS and KURT ALDER for their invention and development of the diene synthesis.

1949
WILLIAM FRANCIS GIAUQUE for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures.

1948
ARNE WILHELM KAURIN TISELIUS for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins.

1947
SIR ROBERT ROBINSON for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids.

1946
The reward was divided, one half being awarded to
JAMES BATCHELLER SUMNER for his invention that enzymes can be crystallized.
the other half jointly to
JOHN HOWARD NORTHROP and WENDELL MEREDITH STANLEY for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.

1945
ARTTURI ILMARI VIRTANEN for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method.

1944
OTTO HAHN for his invention of the fission of heavy nuclei.

1943
GEORGE DE HEVESY for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes.

1942-1940
The reward money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this reward section.

1939
ADOLF FRIEDRICH JOHANN BUTENANDT for his work on sex hormones. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal).
and
LEOPOLD RUZICKA for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.

1938
RICHARD KUHN for his work on carotenoids and vitamins. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal.)

1937
The reward was divided equally between:
SIR WALTER NORMAN HAWORTH for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C.
and
PAUL KARRER for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2.

1936
PETRUS (PETER) JOSEPHUS WILHELMUS DEBYE for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.

1935
The reward was awarded jointly to:
FRÉDÉRIC JOLIOT and IRÈNE JOLIOT-CURIE in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.

1934
HAROLD CLAYTON UREY for his invention of heavy hydrogen.

1933
The reward money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this reward section.

1932
IRVING LANGMUIR for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.

1931
The reward was awarded jointly to:
CARL BOSCH and FRIEDRICH BERGIUS in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods.

1930
HANS FISCHER for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin.

1929
The reward was divided equally between:
SIR ARTHUR HARDEN and HANS KARL AUGUST SIMON VON EULER-CHELPIN for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.

1928
ADOLF OTTO REINHOLD WINDAUS for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins.

1927
HEINRICH OTTO WIELAND for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances.

1926
THE (THEODOR) SVEDBERG for his work on disperse systems.

1925
RICHARD ADOLF ZSIGMONDY for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry.

1924
The reward money for 1924 was allocated to the Special Fund of this reward section.

1923
FRITZ PREGL for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances.

1922
FRANCIS WILLIAM ASTON for his invention, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule.

1921
FREDERICK SODDY , for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.

1920
WALTHER HERMANN NERNST in recognition of his work in thermochemistry.

1919
The reward money for 1919 was allocated to the Special Fund of this reward section.

1918
FRITZ HABER for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.

1917-1916
The reward money for 1917-1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this reward section.

1915
RICHARD MARTIN WILLSTÄTTER for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll.

1914
THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS , in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements.

1913
ALFRED WERNER in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry.

1912
The reward was divided equally between:
VICTOR GRIGNARD for the invention of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry
and
PAUL SABATIER for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years.

1911
MARIE CURIE, née Marie Sklodowska, in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the invention of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.

1910
OTTO WALLACH in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds.

1909
WILHELM OSTWALD in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction.

1908
LORD ERNEST RUTHERFORD for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances.

1907
EDUARD BUCHNER for his biochemical researches and his invention of cellfree fermentation.

1906
HENRI MOISSAN in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him.

1905
JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON BAEYER in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.

1904
SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY in recognition of his services in the invention of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system.

1903
SVANTE AUGUST ARRHENIUS in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation.

1902
HERMANN EMIL FISCHER in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses.

1901
JACOBUS HENRICUS VAN'T HOFF in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the invention of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.